Meaning

In mathematics, orthogonality represents a general description of objects being perpendicular some sense. In the case of vectors, it is quite intuitive to check as the dot products of two pependicular (orthogonal) vectors is zero

  • Two vectors are orthogonal if
  • Two functions are orthogonal if

the , functions for instance.

  • Two (mean-free) random variables are orthogonal if they are uncorrelated, i.e.,